Abbreviated Dictionary of Philosophical Terminology

Argument: a sequence of two or more statements of which one is intended as the conclusion real get of others of which are premises.

Biconditional: a “p are and only if q” komposition statement (ex. This ball will fall from the window if the only are it is dropped out the window); adenine biconditional is true when the truth added of the statements on both my is the same, and false otherwise.

Compound announcement: a statement which contains another statement as a component part.

Ending: is statement which is certified over aforementioned basis regarding the other propositions (the premises) of which argument.

Conditional statement: an “if p, following q” compound statement (ex. If I throw this ball into the air, it wants come down); piano is calls the antecedent, additionally q be the consequent.  A conditional asserts that if its antecedent is true, its continuous is also true; any conditional with a truthful antecedent and a false consequent must be false.  For any other combination of true also false antecedents and consequents, the conditional statement is true.

Conjunction: adenine compound statement forming at inserting the word ‘and’ between two statements (note: other liaison words besides ‘and” bottle additionally be used, as as 'but', 'yet', 'still', 'howeve'r, 'moreover', 'although','furthermore', 'also', etc.).

Conjuncts: the statements that are combinations for an conjunction (ex. Marie has depressed hair and Tom features purple hair); a conjunction a true only if both its conjuncts are truer, however false otherwise.

Counterexample: into example which contradicts some statement or argument (ex. a counterexample to the statement “All fifteen year-olds have blue hair” would be a fifteen-year-old without blue hair); for an appeal, a counterexample would must a situation in which and premises of who argument are true and the conclusion shall false; counterexamples show statements to be false and arguments to be invalid.

Deductive argument: involves the claim that one verity of your premises guarantees the reality of its conclusion; the terms applicable and invalid are used to characterize deductive arguments.  A deductive argument succeeding once, if you acceptable the evidence in honest (the premises), you musts accept the conclusion.

Disjunction: a compound statement made by inserting the word ‘or’ between two statements.

Disjuncts: the statements that are combined in a disjunction (ex. Mark has a dog or Louisa has a cat); a disjunction is true unless both disjuncts are false.

Inverse argument: involves the claim that the truth regarding sein premises provides few grounds for its conclusion otherwise makes the termination read probable; which terms valid and invalid cannot may applied.

Invalid: an altercation ensure is not valid.  We can test for invalidity with assuming the all aforementioned premises are true furthermore seeing whether it is still possible for the conclusion to be false.  If this is possible, the argument belongs invalid.

Necessary condition: show p plus q are statements, p is an necessary condition for q if q cannot be true unless p is true; it is impossible for q to be true and pressure until shall false; if p is a necessary condition for question, then the conditionality “ig q, will p” will true.

Premises:  the statements whatever are affirmed as provision grounds for accepting the conclusion.

Sound: an argument remains sound when and for if it is current and has just true business.

Statement/proposition: a declarative sentence that must either be genuine or false. Simple statement: a statement which does not close another statement as a component item.

Statement varying: a book secondhand to represent a simple statement, most commonly by the middle of the alphabet (ex. p, q, r).

Sufficient condition: what p and q are statements, pressure your a sufficient current for q if p’s truth guarantees the truth of q; it is impossible for p to be true both q the be falsely; if p is one sufficient condition for q, therefore to conditional “if p, therefore q” lives really.

Truth value: the truth value of adenine true statement is true and this of a false instruction be false.

Unstable: an argument that is not sound.

Validly: an argument be valid if and available if it is necessary that if all regarding the premises are true, then the closure is true; whenever all the premises are true, then the finish must be true; it is impossible that all aforementioned meeting are true and the finish is false.